Composting method

Compost turns poultry manure into excellent organic fertilizer

1. In the process of composting, livestock manure, through the action of microorganisms, turns organic matter that is difficult to be used by fruit and vegetable crops into nutrients that are easy to absorb by fruit and vegetable crops.

2. The high temperature of about 70°C produced during the composting process can kill most of the germs and eggs, basically achieving harmlessness.

The process of composting fermentation fully decomposes the organic waste, and the fermentation of bio-organic raw materials plays a very important role in the entire organic fertilizer production process. Sufficient fermentation is the basis for the production of high-quality organic fertilizer. The composting machine realizes the complete fermentation and composting of the fertilizer, and can realize the high-stacking and fermentation, which improves the speed of aerobic fermentation.

Poultry manure that is not fully decomposed can be said to be hazardous fertilizer.

Organic fertilizer has many functions. Organic fertilizer can improve the soil environment, promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, improve the quality and quality of agricultural products, and promote the healthy growth of crops.

The condition control of organic fertilizer production is the interaction of physical and biological characteristics during the composting process, and the control conditions are coordinated by the interaction.

-  Moisture control

Moisture is an important requirement for organic composting. In the process of manure composting, the relative moisture content of the compost raw materials is 40% to 70%, which ensures the smooth progress of the composting.

-        Temperature control

It is the result of microbial activity, which determines the interaction of materials.

Composting is another factor in temperature control. Composting can control the temperature of the material, enhance evaporation, and force air through the pile.

-        C/N ratio control

When the C/N ratio is appropriate, composting can be carried out smoothly. If the C/N ratio is too high, due to the lack of nitrogen and the limited growth environment, the degradation rate of organic waste will slow down, leading to prolonged manure composting time. If the C/N ratio is too low, carbon can be fully utilized, and excess nitrogen is lost in the form of ammonia. It not only affects the environment, but also reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer.

-        Ventilation and oxygen supply

Manure composting is an important factor in insufficient air and oxygen. Its main function is to provide the necessary oxygen for the growth of microorganisms. The reaction temperature is adjusted by controlling the ventilation, and the maximum temperature and the occurrence time of composting are controlled.

-  PH control

PH value will affect the entire composting process. When the control conditions are good, the compost can be processed smoothly. Therefore, high-quality organic fertilizer can be produced and used as the best fertilizer for plants.

Methods of composting.

It is customary for people to distinguish between aerobic composting and anaerobic composting. The modern composting process is basically aerobic composting. This is because aerobic composting has the advantages of high temperature, relatively thorough matrix decomposition, short composting cycle, low odor, and large-scale use of mechanical treatment. Anaerobic composting is the use of anaerobic microorganisms to complete the decomposition reaction, the air is isolated from the compost, the temperature is low, the process is relatively simple, the product contains a large amount of nitrogen, but the composting cycle is too long, the odor is strong, and the product contains insufficient decomposition Impurities.

One is divided according to whether oxygen is needed, there are aerobic composting and anaerobic composting;

One is divided by compost temperature, including high-temperature compost and medium-temperature compost;

One is classified according to the level of mechanization, including open-air natural composting and mechanized composting.

According to the oxygen demand of microorganisms during the composting process, the composting method can be divided into two types: aerobic composting and anaerobic composting. Generally, aerobic composting compost has a high temperature, generally 55-60℃, and the limit can reach 80-90℃. So aerobic composting is also called high-temperature composting; anaerobic composting is composting by anaerobic microbial fermentation under anaerobic conditions.

1. The principle of aerobic composting.

①Aerobic composting is carried out under aerobic conditions using the action of aerobic microorganisms. In the composting process, the soluble substances in livestock manure are directly absorbed by the microorganisms through the cell membranes of the microorganisms; the insoluble colloidal organic substances are first adsorbed outside the microorganisms and decomposed into soluble substances by the extracellular enzymes secreted by the microorganisms, and then penetrate into the cells. .

Aerobic composting can be roughly divided into three stages.

Medium temperature stage. The mesophilic stage is also called the heat production stage, which refers to the initial stage of the composting process. The pile layer is basically mesophilic at 15-45°C. Mesophilic microorganisms are more active and use the soluble organic matter in the compost to carry out vigorous life activities. These mesophilic microorganisms include fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, mainly based on sugars and starches.

②High temperature stage. When the stack temperature rises above 45℃, it will enter the high temperature stage. At this stage, the mesophilic microorganisms are inhibited or even die, and replaced by thermophilic microorganisms. The remaining and newly formed soluble organic matter in the compost continues to be oxidized and decomposed, and the complex organic matter in the compost, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and protein, is also strongly decomposed.

③Cooling stage. At the later stage of fermentation, only some of the more difficult-to-decompose organic matter and newly formed humus remain. At this time, the activity of microorganisms decreases, the calorific value decreases, and the temperature decreases. Mesophilic microorganisms dominate again, and further decompose the remaining organic matter that is more difficult to decompose. The humus continues to increase and stabilize, and the compost enters the maturity stage, and the oxygen demand is greatly reduced. , The moisture content is also reduced, the porosity of the compost is increased, and the oxygen diffusion capacity is enhanced. At this time, only natural ventilation is required.

2. The principle of anaerobic composting.

Anaerobic composting is the use of anaerobic microorganisms to carry out spoilage fermentation and decomposition under anoxic conditions. In addition to carbon dioxide and water, the final products include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane and other organic acids, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances It has a peculiar smell, and anaerobic composting takes a long time, and it usually takes several months to fully decompose. The traditional farmyard manure is anaerobic composting.

The anaerobic composting process is mainly divided into two stages:

The first stage is the acid production stage. Acid-producing bacteria degrade large-molecule organic matter into small-molecule organic acids, acetic acid, propanol and other substances.

The second stage is the methane production stage. Methanogens continue to decompose organic acids into methane gas.

There is no oxygen to participate in the anaerobic process, and the acidification process produces less energy. A lot of energy is retained in organic acid molecules and released in the form of methane gas under the action of methane bacteria. Anaerobic composting is characterized by many reaction steps, slow speed and long time.

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